Day 5：Vの形が変わっても骨格を見抜く ― 受動態・完了形・進行形を処理する

V の識別： has been distributed（現在完了受動態）

骨格： The new employee handbook has been distributed to all staff members.
– 文型：第1文型の受動態（S + V）
– S: The new employee handbook（新しい従業員ハンドブックが）
– V: has been distributed（配布された）

V の識別： has been delayed（現在完了受動態）

骨格： The construction project has been delayed.
– 文型：第1文型の受動態（S + V）
– S: The construction project（建設プロジェクトが）
– V: has been delayed（遅延している）

V の識別： were higher（過去形）/ had expected（過去完了形）

骨格： The sales figures were significantly higher than the company had expected.
– 文型：第2文型（S + V + C）
– S: The sales figures（売上高が）
– V: were（〜であった）
– C: significantly higher than the company had expected（会社が予想していたよりも大幅に高い）

V の識別： is working（現在進行形）

骨格： The IT team is currently working on a system update.
– 文型：第1文型（S + V）
– S: The IT team（ITチームが）
– V: is working on（取り組んでいる）

V の識別： must be returned（助動詞＋受動態）

骨格： All visitor badges must be returned to the security desk upon departure.
– 文型：第1文型の受動態（S + V）
– S: All visitor badges（すべての来客バッジが）
– V: must be returned（返却されなければならない）

V の識別： will have operated（未来完了形）

骨格： The company will have operated in the Asian market for a full decade.
– 文型：第1文型（S + V）
– S: The company（当社が）
– V: will have operated（事業を行っていることになる）

V の識別： was opened（過去受動態）

骨格： The new cafeteria on the fourth floor was officially opened last week.
– 文型：第1文型の受動態（S + V）
– S: The new cafeteria（新しいカフェテリアが）
– V: was officially opened（正式にオープンした）

V の識別： has been preparing（現在完了進行形）

骨格： The marketing team has been preparing the campaign materials.
– 文型：第3文型（S + V + O）
– S: The marketing team（マーケティングチームが）
– V: has been preparing（準備し続けている）
– O: the campaign materials（キャンペーン素材を）

V の識別： are compensated（現在受動態）

骨格： Employees who work overtime are compensated at one and a half times their regular hourly rate.
– 文型：第1文型の受動態（S + V）
– S: Employees（従業員は）
– V: are compensated（補償される）

V の識別： was announced（過去受動態）

骨格： The merger between the two retail chains was announced at a press conference.
– 文型：第1文型の受動態（S + V）
– S: The merger（合併が）
– V: was announced（発表された）

V の識別： will be reviewed（未来受動態）/ is approved（現在形＝時の副詞節）

（ ）で囲む：
The results (of the clinical trial) will be reviewed (by an independent panel of experts) (before the drug is approved for commercial distribution).

骨格： The results will be reviewed.
– 文型：第1文型の受動態（S + V）
– S: The results（結果が）
– V: will be reviewed（審査される）

V の識別： will have worked（未来完了形）/ will have delivered（未来完了形）

（ ）で囲む：
(By the time the project is complete), the team will have worked together (for over two years) and will have delivered (more than a dozen major milestones).

骨格： The team will have worked together and will have delivered more than a dozen major milestones.
– 文型：第1文型 / 第3文型（S + V / S + V + O）
– S: The team（チームが）
– V: will have worked / will have delivered

V の識別： had been rejected（過去完了受動態）/ was reconsidered（過去受動態）

（ ）で囲む：
The proposal (that had been rejected by the board six months ago) was reconsidered (after new financial data became available).

骨格： The proposal was reconsidered.
– 文型：第1文型の受動態（S + V）
– S: The proposal（提案書が）
– V: was reconsidered（再検討された）

V の識別： has been undergoing（現在完了進行形）/ has forced（現在完了形）

（ ）で囲む：
The head office has been undergoing a major renovation (since January), (which has forced several departments to temporarily relocate to a nearby building).

骨格： The head office has been undergoing a major renovation since January.
– 文型：第3文型（S + V + O）
– S: The head office（本社が）
– V: has been undergoing（受けている・経験している）
– O: a major renovation（大規模な改装を）

V の識別： had registered（過去完了形）/ will be migrated（未来受動態）

（ ）で囲む：
Customers (who had previously registered on the old platform) will be automatically migrated (to the new system) (without having to create a new account).

骨格： Customers will be automatically migrated to the new system.
– 文型：第1文型の受動態（S + V）
– S: Customers（顧客は）
– V: will be automatically migrated（自動的に移行される）

V の識別： has been reviewing（現在完了進行形）/ is expected（現在受動態）

（ ）で囲む：
The committee has been reviewing the submitted applications (for three weeks) and is expected (to announce the shortlisted candidates by the end of this month).

骨格： The committee has been reviewing the applications and is expected to announce the shortlisted candidates.
– 文型：第3文型（S + V + O）/ 第2文型（S + V + C）
– S: The committee（委員会が）
– V1: has been reviewing（審査し続けている）
– V2: is expected（見込まれている）

V の識別： had been advertised（過去完了受動態）/ have been discontinued（現在完了受動態）

（ ）で囲む：
All promotional offers (that had been advertised in last week’s catalog) have now been discontinued (due to higher-than-expected demand).

骨格： All promotional offers have been discontinued.
– 文型：第1文型の受動態（S + V）
– S: All promotional offers（すべてのプロモーションオファーが）
– V: have been discontinued（終了した）

V の識別： should have been notified（助動詞＋完了受動態）/ had begun（過去完了形）

（ ）で囲む：
The supplier should have been notified (about the change in specifications) (before the manufacturing process had begun).

骨格： The supplier should have been notified.
– 文型：第1文型の受動態（S + V）
– S: The supplier（サプライヤーが）
– V: should have been notified（通知されるべきだった）

V の識別： is being developed（現在進行受動態）/ will be rolled out（未来受動態）

（ ）で囲む：
The training program (that is currently being developed by the HR department) will be rolled out (to all regional offices) (in the first quarter of next year).

骨格： The training program will be rolled out.
– 文型：第1文型の受動態（S + V）
– S: The training program（研修プログラムが）
– V: will be rolled out（展開される）

V の識別： was installed（過去受動態）/ have been reduced（現在完了受動態）

（ ）で囲む：
(Since the new automated checkout system was installed), customer wait times have been reduced (by an average of four minutes per transaction).

骨格： Customer wait times have been reduced.
– 文型：第1文型の受動態（S + V）
– S: Customer wait times（顧客の待ち時間が）
– V: have been reduced（削減された）

V の識別： had been downloaded（過去完了受動態）/ was discovered（過去受動態）/ was pulled（過去受動態）

（ ）で囲む：
The updated version (of the software) had already been downloaded (by more than 50,000 users) (before the critical bug was discovered and the update was pulled from the server).

骨格： The updated version had been downloaded by more than 50,000 users.
– 文型：第1文型の受動態（S + V）
– S: The updated version（更新版が）
– V: had been downloaded（ダウンロードされていた）

V の識別： have been ongoing（現在完了進行形）/ are expected（現在受動態）

（ ）で囲む：
The negotiations (between the two companies) have been ongoing (for nearly a year) and are not expected (to reach a conclusion before the end of the fiscal year).

骨格： The negotiations have been ongoing and are not expected to reach a conclusion.
– 文型：第2文型（S + V + C）
– S: The negotiations（交渉が）
– V: have been ongoing（続いている）/ are expected（見込まれている）
– C: ongoing / to reach a conclusion（継続中 / 結論に達することが）

V の識別： had been made（過去完了受動態）/ were found（過去受動態）/ had been collected and analyzed（過去完了受動態）

（ ）で囲む：
Several key assumptions (that had been made at the outset of the project) were found (to be incorrect) (once field data had been collected and analyzed).

骨格： Several key assumptions were found to be incorrect.
– 文型：第5文型の受動態（S + V + O + C）
– S: Several key assumptions（いくつかの主要な前提が）
– V: were found（判明した）
– C: to be incorrect（不正確であると）

V の識別： has been used（現在完了受動態）/ is being replaced（現在進行受動態）/ will be operational（未来）

（ ）で囲む：
The inventory management software (that has been used by the company for the past decade) is being replaced (with a cloud-based solution) (that will be fully operational by March).

骨格： The inventory management software is being replaced.
– 文型：第1文型の受動態（S + V）
– S: The inventory management software（在庫管理ソフトウェアが）
– V: is being replaced（置き換えられている）

V の識別： has been made（現在完了受動態）/ were introduced（過去受動態）/ will need to be done（未来受動態）/ have been set（現在完了受動態）

（ ）で囲む：
Considerable progress has been made (in reducing the company’s carbon footprint) (since the sustainability initiatives were first introduced), but more work will need to be done (to meet the targets) (that have been set for 2030).

骨格： Considerable progress has been made, but more work will need to be done.
– 文型：第1文型の受動態（S + V）
– S1: Considerable progress（かなりの進展が）
– V1: has been made（なされた）
– S2: more work（さらなる取り組みが）
– V2: will need to be done（必要となる）

V の識別： have completed / submitted（現在完了形）/ will have been waiting（未来完了進行形）

（ ）で囲む：
(By the time the independent auditors have completed their review and submitted their findings), the board will have been waiting (for an update) (for nearly four months).

骨格： The board will have been waiting for an update for nearly four months.
– 文型：第1文型（S + V）
– S: The board（取締役会が）
– V: will have been waiting（待ち続けていることになる）

V の識別： has been under construction（現在完了受動態的）/ was expected（過去受動態）/ is being targeted（現在進行受動態）

（ ）で囲む：
The new headquarters, (which has been under construction for three years and was expected to be completed last spring), is now being targeted (for a revised opening in the fall).

骨格： The new headquarters is now being targeted for a revised opening in the fall.
– 文型：第1文型の受動態（S + V）
– S: The new headquarters（新本社が）
– V: is being targeted（目標とされている）

V の識別： had been collected（過去完了受動態）/ had suggested（過去完了形）/ revealed（過去形）/ had not been anticipated（過去完了受動態）

（ ）で囲む：
(Although the data (that had been collected during the pilot phase) had suggested [that the approach was viable]), the full-scale rollout revealed several issues (that had not been anticipated).

骨格： The full-scale rollout revealed several issues.
– 文型：第3文型（S + V + O）
– S: The full-scale rollout（本格展開が）
– V: revealed（明らかにした）
– O: several issues（いくつかの問題を）

V の識別： had been commissioned（過去完了受動態）/ was expected（過去受動態）/ has been criticized（現在完了受動態）/ may have been outdated（助動詞＋完了受動態）

（ ）で囲む：
The report (that had been commissioned by the government and was expected to inform the next round of policy reforms) has been criticized (for relying heavily on data) (that may have been outdated at the time of publication).

骨格： The report has been criticized for relying heavily on data.
– 文型：第1文型の受動態（S + V）
– S: The report（報告書が）
– V: has been criticized（批判されている）

V の識別： has been expanded（現在完了受動態）/ had been running（過去完了進行形）/ have been brought down（現在完了受動態）

（ ）で囲む：
(As the logistics network has been significantly expanded over the past two years), distribution times (that had previously been running at an average of five days) have now been brought down (to under 48 hours).

骨格： Distribution times have been brought down to under 48 hours.
– 文型：第1文型の受動態（S + V）
– S: Distribution times（配送時間が）
– V: have been brought down（短縮された）

V の識別： was required（過去受動態）/ had been expected（過去完了受動態）/ has been completed（現在完了受動態）

（ ）で囲む：
The environmental impact assessment (that was required before construction could begin) had been expected (to take six months) but has now been completed (in just under four), (allowing the project to move forward ahead of the original timeline).

骨格： The environmental impact assessment had been expected to take six months but has been completed in just under four.
– 文型：第2文型（S + V + C）/ 第1文型（S + V）
– S: The environmental impact assessment（環境影響評価が）
– V1: had been expected（見込まれていた）
– V2: has been completed（完了した）

V の識別： had been negotiated（過去完了受動態）/ was signed（過去受動態）/ is expected（現在受動態）/ to have been integrated（完了不定詞受動態）

（ ）で囲む：
The partnership agreement (that had been negotiated over several months) was formally signed (last Tuesday), and the joint venture is expected (to have been fully integrated into both companies’ operations) (within the next 18 months).

骨格： The agreement was signed, and the joint venture is expected to have been integrated.
– 文型：第1文型の受動態（S + V）
– S1: The partnership agreement / S2: the joint venture
– V1: was signed / V2: is expected

V の識別： had been developed（過去完了受動態）/ was being tested（過去進行受動態）/ was leaked（過去受動態）

（ ）で囲む：
The prototype (that had been developed under tight secrecy) was being tested (at an off-site facility) (when news of its existence was accidentally leaked to the press).

骨格： The prototype was being tested at an off-site facility.
– 文型：第1文型の受動態（S + V）
– S: The prototype（プロトタイプが）
– V: was being tested（テストされていた）

V の識別： have been made（現在完了受動態）/ is resubmitted（現在受動態）/ will be considered（未来受動態）

（ ）で囲む：
(Unless significant changes have been made to the original proposal before it is resubmitted), it is unlikely (that the application will be considered by the selection committee).

骨格： It is unlikely [that the application will be considered].
– 文型：第2文型（S + V + C）＋名詞節
– S: It（仮主語）
– V: is（〜だ）
– C: unlikely（可能性が低い）

V の識別： has been relied upon（現在完了受動態）/ had not been updated（過去完了受動態）/ came into effect（過去形）

（ ）で囲む：
The system (that has been relied upon to process international transactions) had not been updated (to comply with the new security standards) (that came into effect earlier this year).

骨格： The system had not been updated.
– 文型：第1文型の受動態（S + V）
– S: The system（システムが）
– V: had not been updated（更新されていなかった）

V の識別： has been expanded（現在完了受動態）/ have been established（現在完了受動態）/ had been operating（過去完了進行形）

（ ）で囲む：
(Over the past five years), the company’s international presence has been expanded (to 22 countries), and partnerships have been established (with more than 150 distributors) (who had previously been operating independently).

骨格： The company’s international presence has been expanded, and partnerships have been established.
– 文型：第1文型の受動態（S + V）× 2
– S1: The company’s international presence / S2: partnerships

V の識別： has been recommended（現在完了受動態）/ will need to be evaluated（未来受動態）/ can be approved（助動詞＋受動態）

（ ）で囲む：
The new accounting software (that has been recommended by the external consultants) will need (to be evaluated thoroughly) (before it can be approved for implementation by the finance committee).

骨格： The new accounting software will need to be evaluated thoroughly.
– 文型：第2文型（S + V + C）
– S: The new accounting software（新しい会計ソフトウェアが）
– V: will need（必要となる）
– C: to be evaluated thoroughly（徹底的に評価されることが）

V の識別： Had … been addressed（仮定法過去完了・倒置）/ had been identified（過去完了受動態）/ could have been prevented（助動詞＋完了受動態）

（ ）で囲む：
(Had the warning signs (that had been identified in the preliminary assessment) been addressed earlier), the operational failure (that resulted in significant financial losses) could have been prevented.

骨格： The operational failure could have been prevented.
– 文型：第1文型の受動態（S + V）
– S: The operational failure（業務上の障害が）
– V: could have been prevented（防げたかもしれない）

V の識別： had been expected（過去完了受動態）/ has been running（現在完了進行形）/ had been estimated（過去完了受動態）/ have ballooned（現在完了形）

（ ）で囲む：
The project (that had been expected to be completed within 18 months) has now been running (for over three years), and costs (that had originally been estimated at $2 million) have ballooned (to nearly $7 million).

骨格： The project has been running for over three years, and costs have ballooned to nearly $7 million.
– 文型：第1文型（S + V）× 2

V の識別： has been under consideration（現在完了形）/ is expected（現在受動態）/ will have been notified（未来完了受動態）/ will be taking effect（未来進行形）

（ ）で囲む：
The proposal (that has been under consideration since last year) is expected (to be approved at the next board meeting), (at which point all affected employees will have been notified of the changes) (that will be taking effect over the following three months).

骨格： The proposal is expected to be approved at the next board meeting.
– 文型：第2文型の受動態（S + V + C）
– S: The proposal（提案書が）
– V: is expected（見込まれている）
– C: to be approved（承認されることが）