なぜやるか
Level 1では「空所の後が名詞句なら前置詞・SVなら接続詞」という基本を学びました。これで頻出の during/while・because of/because・despite/although は判断できます。
しかし600点以上を狙うには、さらに3つの上級パターンを処理する力が必要です。
- 接続副詞の罠:therefore / however / moreover は「意味は接続詞っぽいが、文法的には接続詞ではない」
- 従属接続詞の上級:provided that / whereas / as long as / now that / even though / in case
- 前置詞の上級:due to / owing to / in addition to / in spite of / prior to / with regard to
特に「接続副詞」を接続詞と混同するミスは高得点帯でも多発します。このレッスンで確実に押さえましょう。
攻略法
パターン1:接続副詞の罠
therefore / however / moreover / consequently / nevertheless などは接続副詞です。意味は接続詞のように見えますが、2つのSVをそれだけでつなぐことはできません。
❌ The budget was cut, therefore the project was canceled.
✓ The budget was cut; therefore, the project was canceled.
✓ The budget was cut. Therefore, the project was canceled.
見分け方: 空所の前後の構造を見る。
– 前にセミコロン(;)やピリオド(.)→ 接続副詞が入る
– 前に節(SV)があり、後ろにも節(SV)→ 接続詞が入る(接続副詞は不可)
| 接続副詞 | 意味 | 接続詞の代替 |
|---|---|---|
| therefore / consequently / accordingly | だから | because, so |
| however / nevertheless | しかし | but, although |
| moreover / furthermore | さらに | and |
パターン2:従属接続詞の上級
空所の後に S + V が続く → 従属接続詞が入る。
| 接続詞 | 意味 | ポイント |
|---|---|---|
| whereas | 〜である一方 | 対比を表す |
| as long as | 〜する限り | 条件を表す |
| provided (that) | 〜という条件で | 条件を表す |
| now that | 〜した今となっては | 理由・状況の変化 |
| even though | 〜にもかかわらず | although より強い譲歩 |
| in case | 〜の場合に備えて | 予防・備えを表す |
パターン3:前置詞の上級
空所の後に名詞句が続く → 前置詞が入る。
| 前置詞 | 意味 | 混同しやすい語 |
|---|---|---|
| due to | 〜のために(原因) | because(接続詞) |
| owing to | 〜のために(原因) | because(接続詞) |
| in spite of | 〜にもかかわらず | although(接続詞) |
| despite | 〜にもかかわらず | although(接続詞) |
| in addition to | 〜に加えて | and(接続詞) |
| prior to | 〜の前に | before(接続詞/前置詞) |
| with regard to | 〜に関して | — |
判断の手順(まとめ)
- Step 1:空所の後を確認する
→ 名詞句(名詞・動名詞・the + 名詞)→ 前置詞
→ S + V(主語 + 動詞)→ 接続詞 or 接続副詞 - Step 2:空所の前を確認する
→ セミコロン(;)or ピリオド(.)の直後 → 接続副詞
→ それ以外で後ろに S + V → 従属接続詞
やり方
| ステップ | 内容 |
|---|---|
| 1 | 攻略法の3パターンと表を読んで確認する |
| 2 | 練習問題を解く(まず空所の後が名詞句か SV かを確認する) |
| 3 | 間違えた問題は「前置詞・接続詞・接続副詞のどれか」を特定する |
| 4 | 正解できた問題も、構造把握まで読んで根拠を確認する |
16問以上正解(80%)を目標にしてください。
練習問題(20問)
Q1. The product launch was delayed; -------, the entire marketing campaign has been put on hold until further notice.
(A) because (B) although (C) despite (D) therefore
Q1の解答・解説を見る
- (A) because → 従属接続詞。セミコロン後に接続詞は入れない
- (B) although → 従属接続詞。セミコロン後に接続詞は入れない
- (C) despite → 前置詞。セミコロン後に前置詞だけでは文法的に不完全
S[The product launch] V[was delayed]; therefore, S[the entire marketing campaign] V[has been put] on hold (until further notice).
Q2. ------- all participants submit the required forms in advance, the registration process will be completed by Friday.
(A) Provided that (B) Therefore (C) In addition to (D) Despite
Q2の解答・解説を見る
- (B) Therefore → 接続副詞「だから」。文頭から接続副詞で2つのSVをつなぐことはできない
- (C) In addition to → 前置詞「〜に加えて」。後ろに S + V は続かない
- (D) Despite → 前置詞「〜にもかかわらず」。後ろに S + V は続かない
(Provided that all participants submit the required forms (in advance)), S[the registration process] V[will be completed] (by Friday).
Q3. ------- the heavy rain, the outdoor ceremony proceeded as planned without any major disruptions.
(A) Although (B) Despite (C) However (D) Even though
Q3の解答・解説を見る
- (A) Although → 従属接続詞。後ろに名詞句だけでは続かない(SV が必要)
- (C) However → 接続副詞。文頭から後ろに S + V をつなぐ接続詞としては使えない
- (D) Even though → 従属接続詞。後ろに名詞句だけでは続かない(SV が必要)
(Despite the heavy rain), S[the outdoor ceremony] V[proceeded] (as planned) (without any major disruptions).
Q4. The renovation cost far exceeded the initial estimate. -------, the board of directors decided to proceed with the original design.
(A) Although (B) Unless (C) Nevertheless (D) Because
Q4の解答・解説を見る
- (A) Although → 従属接続詞。ピリオドの後に文頭から接続詞は置けない(文が完結している)
- (B) Unless → 従属接続詞。ピリオドの後に文頭から従属接続詞は置けない
- (D) Because → 従属接続詞。ピリオドの後に文頭から従属接続詞は置けない
S[The renovation cost] V[far exceeded] the initial estimate. Nevertheless, S[the board of directors] V[decided] (to proceed (with the original design)).
Q5. The northern branch reported record profits last quarter, ------- the southern branch struggled to meet even its basic sales targets.
(A) therefore (B) in addition to (C) despite (D) whereas
Q5の解答・解説を見る
- (A) therefore → 接続副詞。カンマの後に接続副詞を置くだけでは2つの節をつなげない
- (B) in addition to → 前置詞。後ろに S + V は続かない
- (C) despite → 前置詞。後ろに S + V は続かない
S[The northern branch] V[reported] record profits (last quarter), whereas S[the southern branch] V[struggled] (to meet even its basic sales targets).
Q6. Employees may work from home on Fridays ------- they maintain their productivity and remain reachable during business hours.
(A) as long as (B) however (C) owing to (D) despite
Q6の解答・解説を見る
- (B) however → 接続副詞。カンマなしで2つの節をつなぐ接続詞としては使えない
- (C) owing to → 前置詞「〜のために」。後ろに S + V は続かない
- (D) despite → 前置詞。後ろに S + V は続かない
S[Employees] V[may work] (from home) (on Fridays) as long as S[they] V[maintain] their productivity and V[remain] reachable (during business hours).
Q7. The international flight was canceled ------- a severe weather warning issued by the national meteorological agency.
(A) although (B) due to (C) whereas (D) because
Q7の解答・解説を見る
- (A) although → 従属接続詞。後ろに名詞句だけでは続かない(SV が必要)
- (C) whereas → 従属接続詞「〜である一方」。後ろに名詞句だけでは続かない(SV が必要)
- (D) because → 従属接続詞。後ろに名詞句だけでは続かない(SV が必要)
S[The international flight] V[was canceled] (due to a severe weather warning (issued (by the national meteorological agency))).
Q8. The board will proceed with the international expansion plan ------- the economic outlook for the target market remains uncertain.
(A) in spite of (B) however (C) even if (D) due to
Q8の解答・解説を見る
- (A) in spite of → 前置詞「〜にもかかわらず」。後ろに S + V は続かない
- (B) however → 接続副詞。カンマなしで2つの節をつなぐ接続詞としては使えない
- (D) due to → 前置詞。後ろに S + V は続かない
S[The board] V[will proceed] (with the international expansion plan) even if S[the economic outlook (for the target market)] V[remains] uncertain.
Q9. All participants are required to complete the mandatory online training ------- attending the in-person certification exam.
(A) therefore (B) whereas (C) although (D) prior to
Q9の解答・解説を見る
- (A) therefore → 接続副詞。前置詞の役割は果たせない
- (B) whereas → 従属接続詞「〜である一方」。後ろに動名詞句だけでは続かない
- (C) although → 従属接続詞。後ろに動名詞句だけでは続かない(SV が必要)
S[All participants] V[are required] (to complete the mandatory online training) (prior to attending the in-person certification exam).
Q10. ------- the new inventory management software has been installed, the warehouse team can process orders twice as fast as before.
(A) Now that (B) Nevertheless (C) In addition to (D) Despite
Q10の解答・解説を見る
- (B) Nevertheless → 接続副詞「それにもかかわらず」。文頭から後ろに S + V をつなぐ接続詞としては使えない
- (C) In addition to → 前置詞「〜に加えて」。後ろに S + V は続かない
- (D) Despite → 前置詞。後ろに S + V は続かない
(Now that S[the new inventory management software] V[has been installed]), S[the warehouse team] V[can process] orders (twice as fast as before).
Q11. The proposal received strong support from the executive team; -------, it will be formally presented to all shareholders at next month’s meeting.
(A) although (B) moreover (C) because (D) despite
Q11の解答・解説を見る
- (A) although → 従属接続詞。セミコロン後に接続詞は入れない
- (C) because → 従属接続詞。セミコロン後に接続詞は入れない
- (D) despite → 前置詞。セミコロン後に前置詞だけでは文法的に不完全
S[The proposal] V[received] strong support (from the executive team); moreover, S[it] V[will be formally presented] (to all shareholders) (at next month’s meeting).
Q12. ------- receiving a competitive base salary, employees are also entitled to comprehensive health benefits and annual performance bonuses.
(A) Given that (B) However (C) In addition to (D) Although
Q12の解答・解説を見る
- (A) Given that → 従属接続詞「〜を考慮すると」。後ろに動名詞句だけでは続かない
- (B) However → 接続副詞。前置詞の役割は果たせない
- (D) Although → 従属接続詞。後ろに動名詞句だけでは続かない(SV が必要)
(In addition to receiving a competitive base salary), S[employees] V[are also entitled] (to comprehensive health benefits and annual performance bonuses).
Q13. Please keep a copy of all travel documents ------- the originals are lost or damaged during your overseas business trip.
(A) in case (B) due to (C) therefore (D) despite
Q13の解答・解説を見る
- (B) due to → 前置詞「〜のために」。後ろに S + V は続かない
- (C) therefore → 接続副詞。文中で後ろに S + V をつなぐ接続詞としては使えない
- (D) despite → 前置詞。後ろに S + V は続かない
V[Please keep] a copy (of all travel documents) in case S[the originals] V[are lost or damaged] (during your overseas business trip).
Q14. The construction project is running behind schedule ------- a series of unexpected delays in the delivery of building materials.
(A) however (B) in case (C) although (D) owing to
Q14の解答・解説を見る
- (A) however → 接続副詞。前置詞の役割は果たせない
- (B) in case → 従属接続詞「〜の場合に備えて」。後ろに名詞句だけでは続かない
- (C) although → 従属接続詞。後ろに名詞句だけでは続かない(SV が必要)
S[The construction project] V[is running] behind schedule (owing to a series (of unexpected delays) (in the delivery (of building materials))).
Q15. The company will sponsor the full cost of the advanced training program ------- participants agree to remain with the organization for at least two years after completion.
(A) due to (B) provided that (C) despite (D) moreover
Q15の解答・解説を見る
- (A) due to → 前置詞「〜のために」。後ろに S + V は続かない
- (C) despite → 前置詞。後ろに S + V は続かない
- (D) moreover → 接続副詞「さらに」。文中で後ろに S + V をつなぐ接続詞としては使えない
S[The company] V[will sponsor] the full cost (of the advanced training program) provided that S[participants] V[agree] (to remain (with the organization) (for at least two years) (after completion)).
Q16. The IT department identified several critical vulnerabilities in the network system. -------, all employees were asked to update their login credentials immediately.
(A) In spite of (B) Although (C) Accordingly (D) Because
Q16の解答・解説を見る
- (A) In spite of → 前置詞「〜にもかかわらず」。ピリオドの後に前置詞だけでは文法的に不完全
- (B) Although → 従属接続詞。ピリオドの後に文頭から接続詞は置けない
- (D) Because → 従属接続詞。ピリオドの後に文頭から従属接続詞は置けない
S[The IT department] V[identified] several critical vulnerabilities (in the network system). Accordingly, S[all employees] V[were asked] (to update their login credentials immediately).
Q17. The digital edition of the report is available to all subscribers at no extra charge, ------- the printed version requires an additional fee.
(A) whereas (B) due to (C) consequently (D) despite
Q17の解答・解説を見る
- (B) due to → 前置詞「〜のために」。後ろに S + V は続かない
- (C) consequently → 接続副詞「その結果」。カンマの後に接続副詞を置くだけでは2つの節をつなげない
- (D) despite → 前置詞。後ろに S + V は続かない
S[The digital edition (of the report)] V[is available] (to all subscribers) (at no extra charge), whereas S[the printed version] V[requires] an additional fee.
Q18. ------- the recent changes in data privacy regulations, all departments must review their information-handling procedures without delay.
(A) Whereas (B) Although (C) However (D) With regard to
Q18の解答・解説を見る
- (A) Whereas → 従属接続詞「〜である一方」。後ろに名詞句だけでは続かない
- (B) Although → 従属接続詞。後ろに名詞句だけでは続かない(SV が必要)
- (C) However → 接続副詞。前置詞の役割は果たせない
(With regard to the recent changes (in data privacy regulations)), S[all departments] V[must review] their information-handling procedures (without delay).
Q19. The new cafeteria menu has been well received by most staff members ------- the prices are slightly higher than those at the previous vendor.
(A) in addition to (B) even though (C) moreover (D) due to
Q19の解答・解説を見る
- (A) in addition to → 前置詞「〜に加えて」。後ろに S + V は続かない
- (C) moreover → 接続副詞「さらに」。カンマなしで2つの節をつなぐ接続詞としては使えない
- (D) due to → 前置詞。後ろに S + V は続かない
S[The new cafeteria menu] V[has been well received] (by most staff members) even though S[the prices] V[are] slightly higher (than those (at the previous vendor)).
Q20. The sales team managed to exceed its annual target ------- the challenging economic conditions that affected the entire industry throughout the year.
(A) although (B) given that (C) in spite of (D) however
Q20の解答・解説を見る
- (A) although → 従属接続詞。後ろに名詞句だけでは続かない(SV が必要)
- (B) given that → 従属接続詞「〜を考慮すると」。後ろに名詞句だけでは続かない
- (D) however → 接続副詞。前置詞の役割は果たせない
S[The sales team] V[managed] (to exceed its annual target) (in spite of the challenging economic conditions (that affected the entire industry) (throughout the year)).
| 問題 | 正解 | パターン |
|---|---|---|
| Q1 | D | 接続副詞(therefore)・セミコロン後 |
| Q2 | A | 従属接続詞(provided that) |
| Q3 | B | 前置詞(despite) |
| Q4 | C | 接続副詞(nevertheless)・ピリオド後文頭 |
| Q5 | D | 従属接続詞(whereas) |
| Q6 | A | 従属接続詞(as long as) |
| Q7 | B | 前置詞(due to) |
| Q8 | C | 従属接続詞(even if) |
| Q9 | D | 前置詞(prior to) |
| Q10 | A | 従属接続詞(now that) |
| Q11 | B | 接続副詞(moreover)・セミコロン後 |
| Q12 | C | 前置詞(in addition to) |
| Q13 | A | 従属接続詞(in case) |
| Q14 | D | 前置詞(owing to) |
| Q15 | B | 従属接続詞(provided that) |
| Q16 | C | 接続副詞(accordingly)・ピリオド後文頭 |
| Q17 | A | 従属接続詞(whereas) |
| Q18 | D | 前置詞(with regard to) |
| Q19 | B | 従属接続詞(even though) |
| Q20 | C | 前置詞(in spite of) |
A: 5問 / B: 5問 / C: 5問 / D: 5問