なぜやるか
Lesson 06〜07では「主語と動詞の一致」「能動態と受動態」を学びました。これらは動詞の形を見分ける力でした。
しかしTOEIC Part5には、もう1つ重要な動詞問題があります。それが時制です。
時制問題では、選択肢に同じ動詞の異なる時制が並びます。文の意味だけで判断しようとすると迷いますが、実は時のキーワードを見つければ機械的に正解が選べます。
ここを押さえれば、動詞問題の3本柱（一致・態・時制）が完成します。
攻略法
ルール1：時のキーワードで時制を判断する
時制問題は、文中の時のキーワードを見つけるだけで解けます。以下の対応表を覚えてください。
| キーワード | 時制 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| yesterday / last week / last year / two days ago / in 2020 | 過去形 | announced |
| already / since 2015 / over the past year / for three years / recently | 現在完了形 | has announced |
| next week / tomorrow / by the end of this month | 未来形 | will announce |
| by the time + 未来の出来事 / by next Friday | 未来完了形 | will have announced |
| now / currently / at the moment | 現在形 or 現在進行形 | announces / is announcing |
| every day / usually / always | 現在形（習慣） | announces |
解き方：
- Step 1：選択肢を見て「同じ動詞の時制違い」→ 時制問題と判断
- Step 2：文中の時のキーワードを探す
- Step 3：キーワードに合う時制を選ぶ
ルール2：if節・when節は「現在形で未来を表す」
未来の内容であっても、if節・when節の中では現在時制を使います。
- ○ If the budget is approved, we will begin the project.
- × If the budget ~~will be~~ approved, we will begin the project.
ポイント： 空所が if節・when節の中にあるとき、選択肢に will が含まれていたら不正解です。
ルール3：現在完了形のキーワードを押さえる
現在完了形（has/have + 過去分詞）は「過去から現在へのつながり」を表します。以下のキーワードとセットで出題されます。
| キーワード | 意味 | 例文 |
|---|---|---|
| since + 起点 | 〜以来 | Sales have increased since January. |
| for + 期間 | 〜の間 | He has worked here for five years. |
| already | すでに | The report has already been submitted. |
| over the past ~ | 過去〜にわたって | Revenue has grown over the past decade. |
| recently | 最近 | The company has recently expanded. |
注意： ago は過去形のキーワードです。since と混同しないでください。
– ○ He joined the company three years ago.（過去形）
– ○ He has worked here since 2023.（現在完了形）
やり方
| ステップ | 内容 |
|---|---|
| 1 | 攻略法を読んで、時のキーワードと時制の対応を理解する |
| 2 | キーワード対応表に目を通す |
| 3 | 練習問題を解く |
| 4 | 間違えた問題は構造把握まで読んでから、もう一度解く |
8割正解できたら次のレッスンへ。間違えた問題は「どのキーワードを見落としたか」を必ず確認してください。
練習問題（20問）
Q1. The marketing department ------- a new advertising campaign last month to attract younger customers.
(A) launches (B) has launched (C) launched (D) will launch
Q1の解答・解説を見る
- (A) launches → 現在形。last month は過去を表す
- (B) has launched → 現在完了形。last month は完了形と一緒に使わない
- (D) will launch → 未来形。last month は過去を表す
S[The marketing department] V[launched] a new advertising campaign (last month) (to attract younger customers).
S[The marketing department] V[launched]
Q2. Horizon Technologies ------- its product lineup significantly over the past three years.
(A) expanded (B) has expanded (C) will expand (D) expands
Q2の解答・解説を見る
- (A) expanded → 過去形。over the past ~ は現在完了形のキーワード
- (C) will expand → 未来形。over the past ~ は過去から現在への期間を表す
- (D) expands → 現在形。over the past ~ には現在完了形が必要
S[Horizon Technologies] V[has expanded] its product lineup (significantly) (over the past three years).
S[Horizon Technologies] V[has expanded]
Q3. The vice president ------- a keynote speech at the industry conference next Tuesday.
(A) will deliver (B) delivers (C) has delivered (D) delivered
Q3の解答・解説を見る
- (B) delivers → 現在形。next Tuesday は未来の特定日
- (C) has delivered → 現在完了形。next Tuesday は未来を表す
- (D) delivered → 過去形。next Tuesday は未来を表す
S[The vice president] V[will deliver] a keynote speech (at the industry conference) (next Tuesday).
S[The vice president] V[will deliver]
Q4. Mr. Tanaka ------- as the regional director since the branch office opened in 2019.
(A) has served (B) served (C) will serve (D) serves
Q4の解答・解説を見る
- (B) served → 過去形。since＋起点は「〜以来ずっと」の継続を表す
- (C) will serve → 未来形。since は過去の起点を示す
- (D) serves → 現在形。since＋起点には現在完了形が必要
S[Mr. Tanaka] V[has served] (as the regional director) (since the branch office opened (in 2019)).
S[Mr. Tanaka] V[has served]
Q5. The factory ------- approximately 2,000 units every day to meet the growing demand.
(A) produced (B) has produced (C) produces (D) will produce
Q5の解答・解説を見る
- (A) produced → 過去形。every day は習慣を表し、現在形が適切
- (B) has produced → 現在完了形。every day は完了形と一緒に使わない
- (D) will produce → 未来形。every day は現在の習慣を表す
S[The factory] V[produces] (approximately) 2,000 units (every day) (to meet the growing demand).
S[The factory] V[produces]
Q6. By the end of this quarter, the research team ------- all clinical trials for the new medication.
(A) will have completed (B) completes (C) has completed (D) completed
Q6の解答・解説を見る
- (B) completes → 現在形。未来の完了を表せない
- (C) has completed → 現在完了形。未来の期限には未来完了形が必要
- (D) completed → 過去形。by the end of this quarter は未来の期限
(By the end (of this quarter)), S[the research team] V[will have completed] all clinical trials (for the new medication).
S[the research team] V[will have completed]
Q7. When the new regulations ------- effect, all branches must update their compliance procedures immediately.
(A) will take (B) take (C) took (D) have taken
Q7の解答・解説を見る
- (A) will take → when節の中では will を使わない
- (C) took → 過去形。主節の must update が未来の指示を表す
- (D) have taken → 現在完了形。when節で未来を表す場合は現在形
(When the new regulations take effect), S[all branches] V[must update] their compliance procedures (immediately).
S[all branches] V[must update]
Q8. The construction company ------- the highway renovation project two years ago after winning the government contract.
(A) begins (B) will begin (C) has begun (D) began
Q8の解答・解説を見る
- (A) begins → 現在形。ago は過去を表す
- (B) will begin → 未来形。ago は過去を表す
- (C) has begun → 現在完了形。ago は完了形と一緒に使わない
S[The construction company] V[began] the highway renovation project (two years ago) (after winning the government contract).
S[The construction company] V[began]
Q9. Global Solutions Inc. ------- its headquarters to the downtown area by next March.
(A) relocated (B) relocates (C) will have relocated (D) has relocated
Q9の解答・解説を見る
- (A) relocated → 過去形。by next March は未来の期限
- (B) relocates → 現在形。未来の完了を表せない
- (D) has relocated → 現在完了形。未来の期限には未来完了形が必要
S[Global Solutions Inc.] V[will have relocated] its headquarters (to the downtown area) (by next March).
S[Global Solutions Inc.] V[will have relocated]
Q10. The customer service team currently ------- inquiries from clients in more than thirty countries.
(A) handled (B) handles (C) will handle (D) has handled
Q10の解答・解説を見る
- (A) handled → 過去形。currently は現在を表す
- (C) will handle → 未来形。currently は現在を表す
- (D) has handled → 現在完了形。currently は「今現在」を表し、現在形が自然
S[The customer service team] (currently) V[handles] inquiries (from clients) (in more than thirty countries).
S[The customer service team] V[handles]
Q11. The head office ------- a revised version of the employee handbook tomorrow morning.
(A) will distribute (B) distributes (C) has distributed (D) distributed
Q11の解答・解説を見る
- (B) distributes → 現在形。tomorrow は未来の特定の時点
- (C) has distributed → 現在完了形。tomorrow は未来を表す
- (D) distributed → 過去形。tomorrow は未来を表す
S[The head office] V[will distribute] a revised version (of the employee handbook) (tomorrow morning).
S[The head office] V[will distribute]
Q12. Ms. Rivera ------- three major accounts for the company since she joined the sales division.
(A) secures (B) secured (C) will secure (D) has secured
Q12の解答・解説を見る
- (A) secures → 現在形。since＋起点には現在完了形が必要
- (B) secured → 過去形。since＋起点は「〜以来」の継続・経験を表す
- (C) will secure → 未来形。since は過去の起点を示す
S[Ms. Rivera] V[has secured] three major accounts (for the company) (since she joined the sales division).
S[Ms. Rivera] V[has secured]
Q13. The board of directors ------- the annual budget at a special meeting yesterday afternoon.
(A) approves (B) approved (C) will approve (D) has approved
Q13の解答・解説を見る
- (A) approves → 現在形。yesterday は過去を表す
- (C) will approve → 未来形。yesterday は過去を表す
- (D) has approved → 現在完了形。yesterday は完了形と一緒に使わない
S[The board of directors] V[approved] the annual budget (at a special meeting) (yesterday afternoon).
S[The board of directors] V[approved]
Q14. If the supplier ------- the shipment on time, the production line will not be affected.
(A) will deliver (B) delivered (C) delivers (D) has delivered
Q14の解答・解説を見る
- (A) will deliver → if節の中では will を使わない
- (B) delivered → 過去形。主節が will not be affected で未来の内容
- (D) has delivered → 現在完了形。if節で未来を表す場合は現在形
(If the supplier delivers the shipment (on time)), S[the production line] V[will not be affected].
S[the production line] V[will not be affected]
Q15. The consulting firm ------- already ------- a comprehensive report on market trends for the client.
(A) has … prepared (B) was … preparing (C) will … prepare (D) is … preparing
Q15の解答・解説を見る
- (B) was … preparing → 過去進行形。already は現在完了形のキーワード
- (C) will … prepare → 未来形。already は「すでに完了した」ことを表す
- (D) is … preparing → 現在進行形。already は完了を表し、進行形とは合わない
S[The consulting firm] V[has already prepared] a comprehensive report (on market trends) (for the client).
S[The consulting firm] V[has prepared]
Q16. The regional manager ------- each branch office at least once a month to ensure quality standards.
(A) visited (B) will visit (C) has visited (D) visits
Q16の解答・解説を見る
- (A) visited → 過去形。once a month は反復的な習慣を表す
- (B) will visit → 未来形。once a month は現在の習慣を表す
- (C) has visited → 現在完了形。once a month は反復表現で、現在形が適切
S[The regional manager] V[visits] each branch office (at least once a month) (to ensure quality standards).
S[The regional manager] V[visits]
Q17. By the time the new CEO takes office, the previous leadership ------- all pending contracts.
(A) reviewed (B) reviews (C) will have reviewed (D) has reviewed
Q17の解答・解説を見る
- (A) reviewed → 過去形。by the time＋未来の出来事は未来完了形が必要
- (B) reviews → 現在形。未来の完了を表せない
- (D) has reviewed → 現在完了形。未来の期限には未来完了形が必要
(By the time the new CEO takes office), S[the previous leadership] V[will have reviewed] all pending contracts.
S[the previous leadership] V[will have reviewed]
Q18. The accounting department ------- the quarterly financial statements to the auditors last Friday.
(A) submits (B) submitted (C) has submitted (D) will submit
Q18の解答・解説を見る
- (A) submits → 現在形。last Friday は過去を表す
- (C) has submitted → 現在完了形。last Friday は完了形と一緒に使わない
- (D) will submit → 未来形。last Friday は過去を表す
S[The accounting department] V[submitted] the quarterly financial statements (to the auditors) (last Friday).
S[The accounting department] V[submitted]
Q19. Property values in the metropolitan area ------- steadily for the past five years.
(A) rise (B) will rise (C) rose (D) have risen
Q19の解答・解説を見る
- (A) rise → 現在形。for the past ~ は現在完了形のキーワード
- (B) will rise → 未来形。for the past ~ は過去から現在への期間を表す
- (C) rose → 過去形。for the past ~ は現在完了形が必要
S[Property values (in the metropolitan area)] V[have risen] (steadily) (for the past five years).
S[Property values] V[have risen]
Q20. The regional sales team ------- a detailed progress report to the head office tomorrow afternoon.
(A) submitted (B) has submitted (C) submits (D) will submit
Q20の解答・解説を見る
- (A) submitted → 過去形。tomorrow は未来を表す
- (B) has submitted → 現在完了形。tomorrow は未来を表す
- (C) submits → 現在形。tomorrow は未来の特定の時点
S[The regional sales team] V[will submit] a detailed progress report (to the head office) (tomorrow afternoon).
S[The regional sales team] V[will submit]
| 問題 | 正解 | カテゴリ |
|---|---|---|
| Q1 | (C) launched | 動詞問題（時制） |
| Q2 | (B) has expanded | 動詞問題（時制） |
| Q3 | (A) will deliver | 動詞問題（時制） |
| Q4 | (A) has served | 動詞問題（時制） |
| Q5 | (C) produces | 動詞問題（時制） |
| Q6 | (A) will have completed | 動詞問題（時制） |
| Q7 | (B) take | 動詞問題（時制） |
| Q8 | (D) began | 動詞問題（時制） |
| Q9 | (C) will have relocated | 動詞問題（時制） |
| Q10 | (B) handles | 動詞問題（時制） |
| Q11 | (A) will distribute | 動詞問題（時制） |
| Q12 | (D) has secured | 動詞問題（時制） |
| Q13 | (B) approved | 動詞問題（時制） |
| Q14 | (C) delivers | 動詞問題（時制） |
| Q15 | (A) has … prepared | 動詞問題（時制） |
| Q16 | (D) visits | 動詞問題（時制） |
| Q17 | (C) will have reviewed | 動詞問題（時制） |
| Q18 | (B) submitted | 動詞問題（時制） |
| Q19 | (D) have risen | 動詞問題（時制） |
| Q20 | (D) will submit | 動詞問題（時制） |
正解数の分布：A×5 / B×5 / C×5 / D×5