なぜやるか
Part7の難しい1文には、< >(副詞節)、{ }(挿入・同格)、( )(前置詞句)、[ ](後置修飾)の4種類すべてが入ることがあります。ここまで各記号を個別に練習してきましたが、このLesson 10では全部を組み合わせて使う訓練をします。4種すべてを外してS + V + O/Cだけ残せるようになれば、どんな長文でも骨格を取り出す力が完成します。
やり方
囲む順序(厳守)
- < > ← 副詞節(接続詞 + S + V)を先に囲う
- { } ← 挿入・同格を囲う
- ( ) ← 前置詞句を囲う
- [ ] ← 名詞の後置修飾(分詞句・不定詞句・関係詞節)を囲う
- 残り = S + V + O/C
複数の囲みが重なるとき
外側の記号を先に確定させてから内側を処理する。
例:
< > の中に ( ) が入っていれば、< > を囲ってから ( ) を囲う。
[ ] の中に ( ) が入っていれば、[ ] を囲ってから ( ) を囲う。
例文トレーニング
文1|< > + ( ) の組み合わせ
原文: <Although the initial investment (in the new system) was substantial,>
the company recovered its costs (within eighteen months).
< > = Although the initial investment in the new system was substantial ← 副詞節
( ) = in the new system ← < >の内部(investmentを修飾)
S = the company
V = recovered
O = its costs
( ) = within eighteen months
→ < > を外すと主節「the company recovered its costs within eighteen months.」が見える。
文2|{ } + ( ) + [ ] の組み合わせ
原文: Dr. Kim, {the chief research officer (at GlobalMed Inc.),} submitted findings
[supporting the efficacy (of the new treatment protocol)].
S = Dr. Kim
V = submitted
O = findings
{ } = the chief research officer (at GlobalMed Inc.) ← Dr. Kimの同格
( ) = at GlobalMed Inc. ← { }の内部
[ ] = supporting the efficacy (of the new treatment protocol) ← findingsを修飾
( ) = of the new treatment protocol ← [ ]の内部
→ { } と [ ] を外すと「Dr. Kim submitted findings.」が残る。
文3|< > + { } + ( ) の組み合わせ
原文: <Before the deadline (for submissions) passed,>
Ms. Larsson, {the head (of the documentation team),}
compiled all reports (from the regional branches).
< > = Before the deadline for submissions passed ← 副詞節(時)
( ) = for submissions ← < >の内部(deadlineを修飾)
{ } = the head of the documentation team ← Ms. Larssonの同格
( ) = of the documentation team ← { }の内部
S = Ms. Larsson
V = compiled
O = all reports
( ) = from the regional branches ← reportsを修飾
文4|< > + ( ) + [ ] の組み合わせ
原文: <Once the merger (between the two firms) was finalized,>
the board approved a new governance framework [designed (to align operations)
(across all subsidiaries)].
< > = Once the merger between the two firms was finalized ← 副詞節(時)
( ) = between the two firms ← < >の内部(mergerを修飾)
S = the board
V = approved
O = a new governance framework
[ ] = designed to align operations across all subsidiaries ← frameworkを修飾
( ) = to align operations / across all subsidiaries ← [ ]の内部
文5|全4記号の組み合わせ
原文: <Although the director, {a veteran (of the industry) (with thirty years
(of experience)),} had reservations (about the timeline),>
the revised proposal [submitted (by the planning team) (last Tuesday)]was ultimately approved (by unanimous vote).
< > = Although the director had reservations about the timeline ← 副詞節(譲歩)
{ } = a veteran of the industry with thirty years of experience ← directorの同格
( ) = of the industry / with thirty years of experience / of experience ← { }の内部
( ) = about the timeline ← < >の内部
S = the revised proposal
V = was approved
[ ] = submitted by the planning team last Tuesday ← proposalを修飾
( ) = by the planning team / last Tuesday ← [ ]の内部
( ) = by unanimous vote
→ 全部外すと「the revised proposal was approved.」が残る。
実戦問題
構造を分解しながら空所を埋めましょう。
Q1.
(A) from (B) during (C) for (D) while
解答・解説を見る
構造メモ:
<Although the budget [-------] the renovation project had been approved
(earlier in the year),> actual construction did not begin (until the third quarter).
< >の内部: the budget ------- the renovation project
→ the budget を修飾する前置詞句
意味:「改修プロジェクトのための予算」
正解: (C) for
the budget for the renovation project「改修プロジェクトのための予算」と名詞 budget を後ろから修飾する前置詞 for が正しい。
(A) from:「〜からの予算」で意味が合わない。(B) during:「〜の間の予算」で不自然(during は期間の前置詞)。(D) while:接続詞で後ろに S + V が必要。
Q2. The revised plan, {which the committee ------- last month,} is expected to reduce overhead costs significantly.
(A) approved (B) approving (C) to approve (D) approval
解答・解説を見る
構造メモ:
The revised plan, {which the committee [-------] last month,}
is expected (to reduce overhead costs significantly).
{ }の内部(継続用法の関係詞節):
the committee [-------] last month
→ which が目的格 → the committee が S、空所が V
意味:「委員会が先月承認した(改訂計画)」
正解: (A) approved
{ } 内の関係詞節の中で the committee が主語・which が目的語。動詞の位置(S の直後)に過去形 approved が入る。the committee approved the plan last month → which the committee approved last month。
(B) approving:現在分詞で主動詞になれない。(C) to approve:不定詞で主動詞になれない。(D) approval:名詞で動詞の位置に置けない。
Q3.
(A) develop (B) developing (C) to develop (D) developed
解答・解説を見る
構造メモ:
<Once the new software [-------] (by the IT team) (over the past six months)
is fully deployed,> all staff will receive training.
< >の内部: the new software [-------] by the IT team
→ software を後ろから修飾する分詞句
→ software は「開発される側」→ 受動 = 過去分詞
正解: (D) developed
software(ソフトウェア)は「開発される側」なので受動の過去分詞 developed。developed by the IT team over the past six months「過去6か月にわたってITチームが開発した(ソフトウェア)」と後置修飾する。
(A) develop:原形で名詞修飾に使えない。(B) developing:現在分詞(能動)で「開発しているソフトウェア」は不自然。(C) to develop:不定詞だが受動の意味を自然に表せない。
Q4. Mr. Hoffman, {the senior advisor ------- the restructuring committee,} recommended postponing the vote until a consensus could be reached.
(A) by (B) of (C) from (D) during
解答・解説を見る
構造メモ:
Mr. Hoffman, {the senior advisor [-------] the restructuring committee,}
recommended postponing the vote (until a consensus could be reached).
{ }の内部(同格): the senior advisor ------- the restructuring committee
→ advisor を修飾する前置詞句
意味:「再編委員会の(上級顧問)」
正解: (B) of
the senior advisor of the restructuring committee「再編委員会の上級顧問」と名詞 advisor を修飾する前置詞 of が正しい。
(A) by:「〜による顧問」で意味が不自然。(C) from:「〜出身の顧問」で文脈に合わない。(D) during:時の前置詞で名詞修飾には使えない。
Q5.
(A) if (B) despite (C) until (D) because of
解答・解説を見る
構造メモ:
<Although demand (for the product) remained strong (throughout the year),>
the company decided (to limit production) [-------]the new manufacturing standards could be fully implemented.
空所の後ろ = the new manufacturing standards could be fully implemented(S + V あり)
→ 接続詞が入る
意味:「新基準が完全に導入されるまで(生産を制限する)」
正解: (C) until
後ろに S + V があるため接続詞が必要。until「〜するまで(継続)」が「基準が導入されるまで生産を制限する」という文意に合う。
(A) if:「もし〜ならば」で意味が合わない。(B) despite:前置詞で後ろに名詞が必要。(D) because of:前置詞句で後ろに名詞が必要。
正解一覧
| 問題 | 正解 |
|---|---|
| Q1 | (C) |
| Q2 | (A) |
| Q3 | (D) |
| Q4 | (B) |
| Q5 | (C) |