なぜやるか

「A and B」「not only A but also B」「both A and B」などの並列表現では、「A と B が文法的に対等か（名詞と名詞、動詞と動詞、句と句など）」を確認する必要があります。この対等性の判断はPart5の接続詞ペア問題（both A and B / either A or B 等）の核心です。またPart7のNOT問題では「A と B のどちらがリストに含まれていないか」を問うことが多く、並列構造を正確に把握できると解答精度が上がります。このLesson 12を終えると、並列構造を含む文を正確に分解できるようになります。

やり方

並列構造の基本ルール

並列される要素は文法的に対等でなければならない。

名詞 and 名詞：efficiency and productivity
動詞 and 動詞：reviewed and approved
形容詞 and 形容詞：reliable and cost-effective
句 and 句：by email and by phone
節 and 節：<that costs decreased> and <that revenue increased>

主な接続詞ペア

both A and B→ AとBの両方
either A or B → AまたはB（どちらか）
neither A nor B→ AもBも〜ない
not only A but also B → AだけでなくBも
not A but B → AではなくB

並列の「範囲」を見極める

どこからどこまでが A で、どこからどこまでが B かを明確にする。
接続詞（and / or / but）の直前・直後の対応する要素を確認する。

例文トレーニング

文1｜名詞の並列

原文: The new policy addresses [efficiency], [cost reduction], and [employee satisfaction].

V = addresses
O（並列）= [efficiency], [cost reduction], and [employee satisfaction]→ 3つの名詞（句）が並列

→ A, B, and C の形で3つを並列。

文2｜動詞句の並列

原文: The committee [reviewed the proposal] and [approved the budget](at the meeting).

S = The committee
V（並列）= [reviewed the proposal] and [approved the budget]( ) = at the meeting

→ 2つの動詞句が and で並列。主語 The committee が両方の動詞の S。

文3｜not only A but also B

原文: The merger benefited not only [the shareholders] but also [the employees](of both companies).

S = The merger
V = benefited
O（並列）= not only [the shareholders] but also [the employees]( ) = of both companies ← employees を修飾

→ not only A but also B の A と B はどちらも名詞（句）で対等。

文4｜either A or B（主語に影響する動詞の数）

原文: Either [the project manager] or [the team leads] are responsible
(for submitting the final report) (by Friday).

主語（並列）= Either [the project manager] or [the team leads]V = are ← B（the team leads）に動詞の数を合わせる
C = responsible
( ) = for submitting the final report / by Friday

→ either A or B では B に動詞の数を合わせる（近い方に一致）。

文5｜節の並列（that節）

原文: The survey revealed [that customer satisfaction had improved]and [that delivery times had been shortened (significantly)].

S = The survey
V = revealed
O（並列）= [that customer satisfaction had improved] and [that delivery times had been shortened significantly]

→ 2つの that節が and で並列。

実戦問題

構造を分解しながら空所を埋めましょう。

Q1. The training program is designed to improve ------- communication skills but also critical thinking abilities among entry-level employees.

(A) either　(B) both　(C) not only　(D) neither

Q2. The new office layout encourages collaboration ------- reduces the time employees spend traveling between departments.

(A) although　(B) despite　(C) and　(D) because of

Q3. The manager confirmed ------- the report had been submitted and the invoice had been processed on time.

(A) that　(B) what　(C) which　(D) it

Q4. Neither the sales team ------- the marketing department was informed of the sudden change in pricing strategy.

(A) or　(B) nor　(C) and　(D) but

Q5. The proposal outlined both the short-term operational adjustments ------- the long-term strategic goals of the organization.

(A) or　(B) yet　(C) nor　(D) and

正解一覧