なぜやるか
Part5の30問のうち、関係代名詞の問題は毎回約1問出ます。出題数だけ見ると少なく感じますが、関係代名詞は英文の構造を理解するための必須知識です。
関係代名詞がわかると、長い文の「どこからどこまでが名詞の説明か」が見えるようになります。これはPart5だけでなく、Part7の長文読解にも直結します。
このLesson 8を終えると、関係代名詞の問題を2ステップで確実に正解できるようになります。
攻略法
関係代名詞の一覧表
| 先行詞 | 主格 | 目的格 | 所有格 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 人 | who / that | whom / that | whose |
| 人以外 | which / that | which / that | whose |
| なし(先行詞不要) | what | what | ― |
ポイント: that は人にも人以外にも使える便利な関係代名詞です。ただし、使えない場面が2つあります(後述)。
2ステップ解法
- Step 1:先行詞が「人」か「人以外」かを確認する
→ 人 → who / whom / whose / that
→ 人以外 → which / whose / that
→ 先行詞なし → what - Step 2:後ろの文で抜けている要素を確認する
→ 主語が抜けている(直後に動詞) → 主格(who / which / that)
→ 目的語が抜けている(直後に主語+動詞) → 目的格(whom / which / that)
→ 所有格が抜けている(直後に名詞) → 所有格(whose)
覚えるべき重要ルール
| ルール | 具体例 |
|---|---|
| 主格の後には動詞が来る | the employee who handles … |
| 目的格の後には主語+動詞が来る | the report which we submitted … |
| 所有格の後には名詞が来る | the client whose order was delayed … |
| 前置詞の直後に that は使えない | in which ◯ / in ~~that~~ ✗ |
| カンマの後に that は使えない | …, which ◯ / …, ~~that~~ ✗ |
| what は先行詞なしで使う | What we need is more time. |
例題で確認しましょう
The applicant ------- submitted the most detailed proposal was selected for the project.
選択肢:(A) who (B) which (C) whose (D) what
Step 1: 先行詞は “The applicant”(人)→ who / whom / whose / that のどれか。
Step 2: 空所の直後に “submitted”(動詞)→ 主語が抜けている → 主格 → (A) who ✓
やり方
| ステップ | 内容 |
|---|---|
| 1 | 関係代名詞の一覧表を読んで、先行詞による使い分けを理解する |
| 2 | 2ステップ解法と5つの重要ルールを確認する |
| 3 | 練習問題を解く |
| 4 | 間違えた問題は構造把握まで読んでから、もう一度解く |
8割正解できたら次のレッスンへ。間違えた問題は「先行詞」と「後ろの文の抜け」の2点を必ず確認してください。
練習問題(20問)
Q1. The manager ------- oversees the marketing department will attend the conference next week.
(A) who (B) which (C) whose (D) what
Q1の解答・解説を見る
- (B) which → 先行詞が人以外のときに使う
- (C) whose → 所有格。直後に名詞が必要
- (D) what → 先行詞なしで使う。ここには先行詞 The manager がある
S[The manager (who V[oversees] the marketing department)] V[will attend] the conference (next week).
S[The manager] V[will attend]
Q2. Apex Industries recently launched a product ------- has received positive reviews from customers.
(A) who (B) whom (C) whose (D) which
Q2の解答・解説を見る
- (A) who → 先行詞が人のときに使う
- (B) whom → 目的格。ここは主語が抜けている
- (C) whose → 所有格。直後に名詞が必要
S[Apex Industries] (recently) V[launched] a product (which V[has received] positive reviews (from customers)).
S[Apex Industries] V[launched]
Q3. The consultant ------- advice helped us restructure the team has been hired on a permanent basis.
(A) who (B) which (C) whose (D) that
Q3の解答・解説を見る
- (A) who → 主格。直後に動詞が必要だが、advice は名詞
- (B) which → 先行詞が人以外のときに使う主格/目的格
- (D) that → 主格/目的格として使う。所有格の用法はない
S[The consultant (whose advice V[helped] us restructure the team)] V[has been hired] (on a permanent basis).
S[The consultant] V[has been hired]
Q4. ------- the committee discussed during the meeting will be summarized in the official minutes.
(A) Who (B) Which (C) That (D) What
Q4の解答・解説を見る
- (A) Who → 先行詞が人のときに使う。ここには先行詞がない
- (B) Which → 先行詞が人以外のときに使う。ここには先行詞がない
- (C) That → 関係代名詞の that は先行詞が必要
S[What S[the committee] V[discussed] (during the meeting)] V[will be summarized] (in the official minutes).
S[What the committee discussed] V[will be summarized]
Q5. The candidates ------- the hiring manager interviewed last week will receive a follow-up email today.
(A) whose (B) whom (C) what (D) who
Q5の解答・解説を見る
- (A) whose → 所有格。直後に名詞が必要
- (C) what → 先行詞なしで使う。ここには先行詞 The candidates がある
- (D) who → 主格。ここは目的語が抜けている位置
S[The candidates (whom S[the hiring manager] V[interviewed] last week)] V[will receive] a follow-up email (today).
S[The candidates] V[will receive]
Q6. Greenfield Corp. has implemented a new system ------- allows employees to submit expense reports online.
(A) what (B) whose (C) that (D) whom
Q6の解答・解説を見る
- (A) what → 先行詞なしで使う。ここには先行詞 a new system がある
- (B) whose → 所有格。直後に名詞が必要
- (D) whom → 人の目的格。先行詞が人以外で、しかも主語が抜けている
S[Greenfield Corp.] V[has implemented] a new system (that V[allows] employees to submit expense reports online).
S[Greenfield Corp.] V[has implemented]
Q7. The training program includes modules ------- content is regularly updated to reflect industry changes.
(A) that (B) which (C) whose (D) what
Q7の解答・解説を見る
- (A) that → 主格/目的格。所有格の用法はない
- (B) which → 主格/目的格。所有格の用法はない
- (D) what → 先行詞なしで使う。ここには先行詞 modules がある
S[The training program] V[includes] modules (whose content V[is updated] (regularly) (to reflect industry changes)).
S[The training program] V[includes]
Q8. Please review the attached document, ------- outlines the revised budget for the third quarter.
(A) that (B) who (C) what (D) which
Q8の解答・解説を見る
- (A) that → カンマの後に that は使えない(非制限用法では不可)
- (B) who → 先行詞が人のときに使う
- (C) what → 先行詞なしで使う。ここには先行詞 the attached document がある
V[Please review] the attached document, (which V[outlines] the revised budget (for the third quarter)).
V[review]
Q9. The supervisor will assign the project to an employee ------- has experience in data analysis.
(A) who (B) whose (C) what (D) which
Q9の解答・解説を見る
- (B) whose → 所有格。直後に名詞が必要
- (C) what → 先行詞なしで使う。ここには先行詞 an employee がある
- (D) which → 先行詞が人以外のときに使う
S[The supervisor] V[will assign] the project (to an employee (who V[has] experience (in data analysis))).
S[The supervisor] V[will assign]
Q10. The proposal ------- the board approved last month is now being implemented across all departments.
(A) who (B) whose (C) which (D) what
Q10の解答・解説を見る
- (A) who → 先行詞が人のときに使う
- (B) whose → 所有格。直後に名詞が必要
- (D) what → 先行詞なしで使う。ここには先行詞 The proposal がある
S[The proposal (which S[the board] V[approved] last month)] V[is being implemented] (across all departments).
S[The proposal] V[is being implemented]
Q11. Employees ------- performance evaluations exceed expectations will be eligible for a bonus.
(A) who (B) whose (C) which (D) whom
Q11の解答・解説を見る
- (A) who → 主格。直後に動詞が必要だが、performance evaluations は名詞
- (C) which → 先行詞が人以外のときに使う
- (D) whom → 目的格。直後に主語+動詞が必要
S[Employees (whose performance evaluations V[exceed] expectations)] V[will be] eligible (for a bonus).
S[Employees] V[will be]
Q12. The venue in ------- the annual awards ceremony will be held has been recently renovated.
(A) that (B) which (C) whom (D) what
Q12の解答・解説を見る
- (A) that → 前置詞の直後に that は使えない
- (C) whom → 先行詞が人のときの目的格
- (D) what → 先行詞なしで使う。ここには先行詞 The venue がある
S[The venue (in which S[the annual awards ceremony] V[will be held])] V[has been renovated] (recently).
S[The venue] V[has been renovated]
Q13. The regional manager ------- we met at the trade show has expressed interest in a partnership.
(A) whose (B) which (C) whom (D) what
Q13の解答・解説を見る
- (A) whose → 所有格。直後に名詞が必要
- (B) which → 先行詞が人以外のときに使う
- (D) what → 先行詞なしで使う。ここには先行詞 The regional manager がある
S[The regional manager (whom S[we] V[met] (at the trade show))] V[has expressed] interest (in a partnership).
S[The regional manager] V[has expressed]
Q14. ------- is stated in the contract must be followed by all parties involved.
(A) That (B) Who (C) Which (D) What
Q14の解答・解説を見る
- (A) That → 関係代名詞の that は先行詞が必要
- (B) Who → 先行詞が人のときに使う。ここには先行詞がない
- (C) Which → 先行詞が人以外のときに使う。ここには先行詞がない
S[What V[is stated] (in the contract)] V[must be followed] (by all parties involved).
S[What is stated in the contract] V[must be followed]
Q15. The software update, ------- was released yesterday, includes several security improvements.
(A) that (B) which (C) who (D) whose
Q15の解答・解説を見る
- (A) that → カンマの後に that は使えない(非制限用法では不可)
- (C) who → 先行詞が人のときに使う
- (D) whose → 所有格。直後に名詞が必要
S[The software update], (which V[was released] yesterday), V[includes] several security improvements.
S[The software update] V[includes]
Q16. The marketing team needs to identify the customers ------- purchasing habits have changed significantly over the past year.
(A) whose (B) whom (C) that (D) who
Q16の解答・解説を見る
- (B) whom → 目的格。直後に主語+動詞が必要
- (C) that → 主格/目的格。所有格の用法はない
- (D) who → 主格。直後に動詞が必要だが、purchasing habits は名詞
S[The marketing team] V[needs] to identify the customers (whose purchasing habits V[have changed] (significantly) (over the past year)).
S[The marketing team] V[needs]
Q17. The safety regulations ------- all factory workers must comply with are posted on the bulletin board.
(A) what (B) which (C) who (D) whose
Q17の解答・解説を見る
- (A) what → 先行詞なしで使う。ここには先行詞 The safety regulations がある
- (C) who → 先行詞が人のときに使う
- (D) whose → 所有格。直後に名詞が必要
S[The safety regulations (which S[all factory workers] V[must comply] with)] V[are posted] (on the bulletin board).
S[The safety regulations] V[are posted]
Q18. The firm hired an architect ------- previously designed the headquarters of a major technology company.
(A) which (B) whose (C) whom (D) that
Q18の解答・解説を見る
- (A) which → 先行詞が人以外のときに使う
- (B) whose → 所有格。直後に名詞が必要
- (C) whom → 目的格。ここは主語が抜けている
S[The firm] V[hired] an architect (that (previously) V[designed] the headquarters (of a major technology company)).
S[The firm] V[hired]
Q19. We should carefully review ------- the suppliers have proposed before making a final decision.
(A) what (B) whom (C) which (D) that
Q19の解答・解説を見る
- (B) whom → 先行詞が人のときの目的格。ここには先行詞がない
- (C) which → 先行詞が人以外のときに使う。ここには先行詞がない
- (D) that → 関係代名詞の that は先行詞が必要
S[We] V[should review] (carefully) what S[the suppliers] V[have proposed] (before making a final decision).
S[We] V[should review]
Q20. Mr. Tanaka, ------- has over twenty years of experience in logistics, was appointed as the new operations director.
(A) who (B) which (C) whose (D) that
Q20の解答・解説を見る
- (B) which → 先行詞が人以外のときに使う
- (C) whose → 所有格。直後に名詞が必要
- (D) that → カンマの後に that は使えない(非制限用法では不可)
S[Mr. Tanaka], (who V[has] over twenty years of experience (in logistics)), V[was appointed] (as the new operations director).
S[Mr. Tanaka] V[was appointed]